For more information contact:

Cynthia M. O'Carroll/
Rob Gutro
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
(Phone: 301/614-5563 or 301/286-4044)

Jackie Weaver
Yale University
(Phone: 203/432-8555)

Stephanie Kenitzer
American Meteorological Society
(Phone: 425-432-2192)

American Meteorological Society

Caption for Image 1: This is a photograph of a series of mature thunderstorms located near the Parana River in southern Brazil, in February 1984, as seen by NASA's space shuttle. In southern Brazil, warm temperatures and moisture-laden air make large thunderstorms commonplace. CREDIT: NASA Image # STS41B-041-2347

Caption for Images 2 and 3: Clouds require water vapor and water-soluble aerosols like salt from Earth's surface to form. Unfortunately pollution-produced aerosols increase the number of and depress the size of ice crystals in thunderclouds. Now smaller, the crystals don't fall out of the cloud as easily and evaporate instead of falling as rain. CREDIT: NASA

Caption for animation: The tiny airborne particles of pollution called aerosols seem to affect large thunderstorms, or cumulonimbus clouds from their very formation. Clouds require water vapor and aerosols from Earth's surface to form. Aerosols that dissolve easily in water, such as sea salt, give the excess water molecules something to cling to and are the start of the cloud. Unfortunately the pollution-produced aerosols increase the number of and depress the size of ice crystals in thunderclouds. Because the crystals are smaller, they don't fall out of the cloud as easily and evaporate instead of falling as rain. In areas like South America, home to biomass burning, the diameter of ice crystals was reduced by as much as 20%.

Another result of these smaller ice crystals in thunderstorm clouds is an increase in water vapor in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). The resulting cooler stratospheric temperatures then lead to more water vapor, a known ozone-destroyer. In this split-screen animation, aerosols from biomass burning hinder the development of a cloud, as happens naturally on the left side.

Caption for Image 4: This sequence shows monthly rainfall averages for January 1998 through October 2000 from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Steven Sherwood used cloud reflectivity data from TRMM along with aerosol data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument on the Earth Probe spacecraft. CREDIT: NASA

Caption for animation: Steven Sherwood of Yale University was able to isolate the specific effects of aerosols on cloud formation by using 10 years of aerosol data near the ground taken by the NASA's TOMS instrument. He then used complementary data from NOAA's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) that revealed smaller crystals in the clouds. This sequence shows monthly rainfall averages for January 1998 through October 2000 from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite.

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May 02, 2002- (date of web publication)

THUNDERSTORMS ARE AFFECTED BY POLLUTION

	Image 1

A NASA-funded researcher has discovered that tiny airborne particles of pollution may modify developing thunderclouds by increasing the quantity and reducing the size of ice crystals within them. These modifications may affect the cloud's impact on the "radiation budget," the amount of radiation that enters and leaves the Earth.

"I've found that aerosols depress the size of ice crystals in thunderclouds over land and oceans - and as a result may reduce precipitation," said Steven Sherwood of Yale University. Because smaller ice crystals are lighter, they don't fall out of the cloud as easily and evaporate instead of falling as rain.

Using several satellites and instruments including NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), Sherwood looked at how airborne pollution particles (aerosols) affect large thunderstorms, or cumulonimbus clouds, in the tropics.

Common aerosols include mineral dust, smoke, and sulfates. An increased number of these particles increase the number of ice crystals in a cumulonimbus cloud, but they're just smaller in size. As a result of their smaller size, the ice crystals evaporate from a solid state directly into a gas, instead of falling as rain. Sherwood noted that this effect is more prevalent over land than open ocean areas.

	Image 4
	Click here for animation

Previous research by Daniel Rosenfeld of Hebrew University revealed that aerosols and pollution reduced rainfall in shallow cumulus clouds of liquid water, which do not have the capability to produce as much rainfall. Sherwood expanded on that research by looking at cumulonimbus clouds, which contain ice particles.

Previous studies have proven that ice particles are smaller in the upper reaches of thunderclouds when there is more pollution, and when the rising air in the clouds (convection) is stronger. Aerosols seem to have the most influence on seasonal and longer timescales, such as during the warmer months when plants and undergrowth are burned to clear fields.

Over areas where biomass burning occurs, such as South America, aerosols have been found to reduce the diameter of ice crystals in the clouds by as much as 20 percent. Areas over deserts, such as Africa's Sahel Region where dust is a primary aerosol, there was a 10 percent decrease in the diameter of ice crystals in cumulonimbus clouds.

Aerosol particles are necessary for clouds to form, and it has been suspected that clouds might be altered by large concentrations of them, from a fire for example. "I was able to show by looking at 10 years of aerosol data and statistically analyzing many thunderclouds in the tropics that they are definitely affected," Sherwood said.

Clouds play an important role in regulating heat in the atmosphere by reflecting the Sun's rays back to space.

Sherwood found that ice crystals are smaller in clouds over continents than oceans, which could be attributed to the amount of pollution generated over land. The highest values occur widely over Northern Africa, where desert dust and smoke from agricultural burning occur. Intermediate values prevail over much of Asia, through the Indonesia region and into the south Pacific. The largest ice crystal sizes were found over the eastern Pacific and southern Indian Oceans.

Sherwood used aerosol data from TOMS to verify pollution levels. He also used cloud reflectivity data from NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, and radiance (reflected light generated from aerosols) data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard a NOAA satellite.

Sherwood's article "Aerosols and Ice Particle Size in Tropical Cumulonimbus" appears in the May 1, 2002 issue of the American Meteorological Society Journal of Climate.

This work was performed under the NASA Earth Observing System/Interdisciplinary Science (IDS) program under the Earth Science Enterprise (ESE). The mission of NASA's ESE is to develop a scientific understanding of the Earth System and its response to natural or human-induced changes to enable improved prediction capability for climate, weather and natural hazards.

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